Due to the frantic usage of the racket to kill flies, Marin has sustained a serious bodily injury known to the medical community as epicondylitis lateralis humeri. His grandma has advised smearing rakija over it, the doctor has prescribed a strong painkiller, but Marin has ignored every single advice and decided to look for the answer in integer sequences.

He has discovered a previously undiscovered sequence of integers and called it the xorbonacci sequence.

The ~n^{th}~ element in the sequence is denoted with ~x_n~. The sequence is defined recursively in the following way:

$$\displaystyle \begin{align*} x_1 &= a_1 \\ x_2 &= a_2 \\ &\ \ \vdots \\ x_k &= a_k \\ x_n &= x_{n-1} \oplus x_{n-2} \oplus \dots \oplus x_{n-k},n>k \end{align*}$$

Because of a reason only known to Marin, he determined that all his sorrows will go away if you answer his ~Q~ queries defined with numbers ~l~ and ~r~. The answer to the query is represented with the value ~x_l \oplus x_{l+1} \oplus \dots \oplus x_{r-1} \oplus x_r~.

Help Marin and answer his queries.

Please note: The operation ~\oplus~ is the operation of binary XOR.

Input

The first line of input contains the integer ~K~ ~(1 \le K \le 100\,000)~ from the task.

The following line contains ~K~ integers that represent the first ~K~ elements in the xorbonacci sequence.

All numbers are smaller than ~10^{18}~.

The following line contains the integer ~Q~ ~(1 \le Q \le 10^6)~ from the task.

The ~i^{th}~ of the following ~Q~ lines contains two integers ~l_i~ and ~r_i~ ~(1 \le l_i \le r_i \le 10^{18})~ that represent Marin's ~i^{th}~ query.

Output

Each of the following ~Q~ lines of output must contain the answers to Marin's queries, the order being the same as the input.

Sample Input 1

4
1 3 5 7
3
2 2
2 5
1 5

Sample Output 1

3
1
0

Sample Input 2

5
3 3 4 3 2
4
1 2
1 3
5 6
7 9

Sample Output 2

0
4
7
4